1.概述

　　本(ben)文介紹藥品實(shi)驗室(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)風系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的特(te)點(dian)和要求(qiu)以及通(tong)(tong)(tong)風柜(ju)的選擇;介紹實(shi)驗室(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)風系(xi)統(tong)(tong)和空調系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的設計(ji)方案選擇;介紹各檢測部(bu)門(men)的實(shi)驗室(shi)、儀器室(shi)和輔助用(yong)房的通(tong)(tong)(tong)風系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，并針對不同實(shi)驗室(shi)通(tong)(tong)(tong)風系(xi)統(tong)(tong)進行分析(xi)和討論。

　　2.實驗室(shi)通(tong)風系統簡介(jie)

　　2.1 實驗室(shi)通風的目的和要求

　　實(shi)驗室通(tong)風與舒適性空調系統的通(tong)風設(she)計(ji)要求(qiu)不(bu)同，主(zhu)要目的是(shi)提(ti)供安(an)全、舒適的工作環境(jing)，減少人員(yuan)暴露在危險空氣下(xia)的可能。通(tong)風主(zhu)要解決的是(shi)工作環境(jing)對實(shi)驗人員(yuan)的身體健康和勞動保(bao)護問題(ti)。

　　實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)風(feng)要(yao)求新風(feng)全部(bu)來(lai)自室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)外(wai)，然(ran)后100%排出室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)外(wai)，通(tong)風(feng)柜的(de)排氣不在室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)循環。化學實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)換氣要(yao)求每小(xiao)(xiao)時大于10次，物理實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)每小(xiao)(xiao)時大于10次，實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)無(wu)人時換氣可減(jian)少為6次。實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)風(feng)柜設(she)計數量(liang)要(yao)足夠，并且(qie)不作(zuo)為唯一(yi)的(de)室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內(nei)排風(feng)裝置，儀器室(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或產生(sheng)危險物質的(de)儀器上方設(she)局部(bu)排風(feng)系統。

　　實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)補風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)一(yi)部分來(lai)自空(kong)調(diao)系(xi)統直接送入(ru)實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)，這部分新風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)根據(ju)實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)排風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)而(er)變(bian)(bian)化(hua);另(ling)一(yi)部分通過空(kong)調(diao)系(xi)統送入(ru)非(fei)實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)區域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)走(zou)道、房間(jian)再通過實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)門縫補給(gei)。實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負壓通過送、排風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量和(he)送排風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)口的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)布(bu)置(zhi)來(lai)實(shi)現，氣(qi)流(liu)(liu)組(zu)織(zhi)從辦公、管理用房、內走(zou)道、到產生危(wei)險物質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)驗(yan)房間(jian)。通風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)柜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)布(bu)置(zhi)在遠(yuan)離(li)空(kong)氣(qi)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)、紊流(liu)(liu)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)，遠(yuan)離(li)行走(zou)區域(yu)和(he)空(kong)氣(qi)新風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)區。新風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)從遠(yuan)離(li)通風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)柜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)引入(ru)，空(kong)氣(qi)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)路徑遠(yuan)離(li)通風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)柜。

　　2.2 通風柜的類別

　　建設(she)現(xian)代(dai)化的(de)(de)實(shi)驗室是(shi)個綜合的(de)(de)系(xi)統工程。在裝備(bei)(bei)各種(zhong)儀器設(she)備(bei)(bei)及其配套設(she)施的(de)(de)同時(shi)，既要(yao)考慮供(gong)電、給水、排水、送風、排風、凈化、排污等要(yao)求，還要(yao)考慮到對人員、物體、周(zhou)邊環境(jing)的(de)(de)安全(quan)性(xing)，噪音、異味(wei)、視覺環境(jing)的(de)(de)舒適性(xing)，儀器設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)可(ke)操(cao)作性(xing)、功能(neng)性(xing)，以及信(xin)息處理(li)的(de)(de)便捷(jie)性(xing)。因(yin)此，現(xian)代(dai)化的(de)(de)實(shi)驗室必須有最(zui)佳的(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)和高品質的(de)(de)設(she)備(bei)(bei)去滿足。

　　在現(xian)代化實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室設備中(zhong)有通(tong)風柜(ju)(ju)、中(zhong)央(yang)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)臺(tai)(tai)、邊臺(tai)(tai)、藥品柜(ju)(ju)、器皿柜(ju)(ju)、氣瓶柜(ju)(ju)等，其中(zhong)通(tong)風柜(ju)(ju)是生(sheng)化實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室設備中(zhong)擔負著十分(fen)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)功能(neng)，是必不可(ke)少的(de)(de)設備。因(yin)此，選擇通(tong)風柜(ju)(ju)是實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室建設中(zhong)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)問題，必須引起(qi)足夠的(de)(de)重(zhong)視。

　　通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)柜(ju)按照排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)方式(shi)(shi)分(fen)類(lei)：分(fen)為(wei)上(shang)部(bu)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)式(shi)(shi)、下(xia)部(bu)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)式(shi)(shi)和上(shang)下(xia)同(tong)時排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)式(shi)(shi)三類(lei)。為(wei)保證(zheng)工作區風(feng)(feng)速(su)均勻，對于冷過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)柜(ju)應采用(yong)下(xia)部(bu)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)式(shi)(shi)，對于熱過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)的通(tong)(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)柜(ju)采用(yong)上(shang)部(bu)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)式(shi)(shi)，對于發熱量不(bu)穩定(ding)的過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)，可在上(shang)下(xia)均設(she)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)口隨柜(ju)內(nei)發熱量的變化調(diao)節(jie)上(shang)下(xia)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)量的比例，從(cong)而得(de)到(dao)均勻的風(feng)(feng)速(su)。

　　通風柜(ju)按照進風方式(shi)分(fen)類也(ye)分(fen)三類。通過室(shi)內(nei)進風在柜(ju)內(nei)循環后排(pai)(pai)出室(shi)外(wai)稱(cheng)為全排(pai)(pai)風式(shi)，這是應用非常廣泛(fan)的一種類型。

　　當(dang)通風柜設置于采(cai)(cai)暖或(huo)對溫濕度有控制(zhi)要求房間時，為節省采(cai)(cai)暖，空調能耗，采(cai)(cai)用從(cong)室外(wai)取補(bu)給風在(zai)柜內循(xun)環(huan)后排出室外(wai)的方式(shi)稱為補(bu)風式(shi)通風柜。

　　再一種就是變(bian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)控制式的(de)通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)柜。普通(tong)的(de)定風(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)系(xi)統需要人(ren)工調整固定葉片的(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)閥，調節通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)柜的(de)排風(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)，當調節閥門到(dao)(dao)某一角度時達到(dao)(dao)希(xi)望的(de)面風(feng)(feng)(feng)速。變(bian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)控制是通(tong)過調節閥門的(de)傳感(gan)器改變(bian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)達到(dao)(dao)給定的(de)面風(feng)(feng)(feng)速，當然標準式成本低、變(bian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)成本高(gao)，適用(yong)于(yu)要求(qiu)精(jing)度高(gao)的(de)場合。

　　通風(feng)柜按照使(shi)用(yong)狀態分類可分為整體式(shi)下(xia)部(bu)開放(fang)式(shi)、落地式(shi)、兩面式(shi)、三面玻璃式(shi)、桌上(shang)式(shi)、連體式(shi)以及根據不同實驗使(shi)用(yong)需要而設計的(de)對放(fang)射性實驗的(de)、對合成實驗的(de)，對過(guo)氯酸實驗的(de)專用(yong)通風(feng)柜。

　　2.3 通風(feng)柜的主要功能

　　通風柜(ju)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)中(zhong)最主要(yao)的(de)是排氣(qi)功(gong)能(neng)，在化(hua)學實驗(yan)室中(zhong)，實驗(yan)操作時產生各種有害氣(qi)體、臭氣(qi)、濕氣(qi)以及易燃(ran)、易爆、腐(fu)蝕(shi)性物質，為了保護使(shi)用者的(de)安(an)全(quan)，防止實驗(yan)中(zhong)的(de)污染(ran)物質向(xiang)實驗(yan)室擴(kuo)散，在污染(ran)源(yuan)附近要(yao)使(shi)用通風柜(ju)。

　　以往通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)使用臺(tai)數較少，只(zhi)在特別有(you)害且危險的(de)氣體及(ji)產生大(da)量(liang)熱的(de)實(shi)驗中使用。通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)只(zhi)擔負實(shi)驗臺(tai)的(de)輔助功(gong)能(neng)。近年來考慮到改善實(shi)驗環境，在實(shi)驗臺(tai)上進行(xing)的(de)實(shi)驗逐漸轉移到通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)內，這就要(yao)求在通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)里要(yao)有(you)最適于設備(bei)使用的(de)功(gong)能(neng)。

　　新建的(de)實驗(yan)室(shi)設計(ji)(ji)有空(kong)調(diao)，因此通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)的(de)使用臺(tai)數(shu)必(bi)須納入空(kong)調(diao)系(xi)統的(de)計(ji)(ji)劃。由于通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)在生(sheng)化實驗(yan)室(shi)中占有非常重要(yao)的(de)位(wei)置，從改(gai)善實驗(yan)室(shi)環(huan)境、改(gai)善勞(lao)動衛(wei)生(sheng)條件，提高工作效率等方面考慮，通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)的(de)使用臺(tai)數(shu)日益增多。隨之而來的(de)是通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)管道(dao)，配管、配線、排風(feng)(feng)(feng)等都成為實驗(yan)室(shi)建設的(de)重要(yao)課題。

　　使用通風柜(ju)的(de)(de)最大目的(de)(de)是排出實驗中產生(sheng)的(de)(de)有(you)害(hai)氣體，保(bao)護實驗人(ren)員的(de)(de)健康，也(ye)就是說要(yao)有(you)高度的(de)(de)安全(quan)性和優越(yue)的(de)(de)操(cao)作性，這就要(yao)求通風柜(ju)應具(ju)有(you)如下功能：

　　(1)釋(shi)放功能：應具備(bei)將(jiang)通風柜內部產生(sheng)的(de)有(you)害氣體用吸收柜外(wai)(wai)氣體的(de)方式，使其稀釋(shi)后排(pai)至室(shi)外(wai)(wai)的(de)機構。

　　(2)不倒流功(gong)能：應具(ju)有(you)在通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)柜內部由排風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)機產生的(de)(de)氣流將有(you)害氣體從通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)柜內部不反向流進(jin)室(shi)內的(de)(de)功(gong)能。為確保這一(yi)功(gong)能的(de)(de)實現，一(yi)臺通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)柜與一(yi)臺通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)機用單(dan)一(yi)管(guan)道連接是(shi)最(zui)好的(de)(de)方法，不能用單(dan)一(yi)管(guan)道連接的(de)(de)，也只限于同層同一(yi)房間的(de)(de)可并(bing)聯，通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)機盡可能安裝在管(guan)道的(de)(de)末端(或屋頂處)。

　　(3)隔離功能：在通(tong)(tong)風柜前(qian)面應具用(yong)不滑動的(de)玻璃(li)視窗將通(tong)(tong)風柜內(nei)外進行(xing)分隔。

 　　(4)補(bu)充功能：應具有在排(pai)出有害氣(qi)體時，從通風柜外吸入(ru)空氣(qi)的(de)通道或替代(dai)裝置(zhi)。

　　(5)控(kong)制(zhi)風(feng)速功能：為(wei)防止(zhi)通(tong)(tong)風(feng)柜內有(you)害氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體逸出，需要(yao)有(you)一定的(de)(de)(de)吸入速度(du)。決定通(tong)(tong)風(feng)柜進風(feng)的(de)(de)(de)吸入速度(du)的(de)(de)(de)要(yao)素有(you)：實驗內容(rong)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)熱量及(ji)與換氣(qi)(qi)(qi)次數的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)。其(qi)中主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)是實驗內容(rong)和有(you)害物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)性質。通(tong)(tong)常(chang)規(gui)定，一般(ban)無毒的(de)(de)(de)污染物(wu)為(wei)0.25―0.38m/s ，有(you)毒或有(you)危險的(de)(de)(de)有(you)害物(wu)為(wei)0.4―0.5 m/s ，劇(ju)毒或有(you)少量放(fang)射性為(wei)0.5―0.6m/s ,氣(qi)(qi)(qi)狀物(wu)為(wei)0.5m/s ,粒(li)狀物(wu)為(wei)1m/s 。為(wei)了確保這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)速,排(pai)風(feng)機(ji)應(ying)有(you)必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)靜壓，即空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)通(tong)(tong)過通(tong)(tong)風(feng)管(guan)(guan)道時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)摩擦阻力。確定風(feng)速時(shi)還必須(xu)注(zhu)意噪(zao)(zao)音(yin)問題,通(tong)(tong)過空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)在管(guan)(guan)道內流(liu)動時(shi)以7―10m為(wei)限，超過10m將產生(sheng)噪(zao)(zao)音(yin)，通(tong)(tong)常(chang)實驗室的(de)(de)(de)噪(zao)(zao)聲(室內背(bei)景(jing)噪(zao)(zao)聲級)限制(zhi)值為(wei)70dB(A)，增(zeng)加管(guan)(guan)道裁面積會(hui)降低(di)風(feng)速，也就降低(di)噪(zao)(zao)音(yin)，考慮(lv)到管(guan)(guan)道的(de)(de)(de)經費(fei)和施工問題，必須(xu)慎重選擇管(guan)(guan)道及(ji)排(pai)風(feng)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)。

　　(6)耐熱(re)及耐酸堿(jian)腐(fu)蝕功能：通風柜內有(you)(you)的要安(an)置電爐，有(you)(you)的實驗產生(sheng)大(da)量酸堿(jian)等有(you)(you)毒有(you)(you)害氣(qi)體具有(you)(you)極強的腐(fu)蝕性(xing)。通風柜的臺(tai)面(mian)，襯板(ban)、側板(ban)及選(xuan)用的水咀、氣(qi)咀等都(dou)應具有(you)(you)防腐(fu)功能。

　　2.4 氣體排放(fang)處理(li)

　　由于實驗室氣(qi)體(ti)排放中(zhong)存在(zai)(zai)著很多有毒和(he)酸堿腐蝕(shi)性極強的(de)(de)氣(qi)體(ti)，所(suo)以在(zai)(zai)排入大氣(qi)前要對氣(qi)體(ti)進行過濾處理，通常情況下：酸性氣(qi)體(ti)選(xuan)用立(li)式酸霧(wu)塔;有毒和(he)有機氣(qi)體(ti)選(xuan)用光(guang)學催(cui)化凈(jing)化箱。兩種設備分別安裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)排風(feng)(feng)系統末(mo)端，立(li)式酸霧(wu)塔安裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)機的(de)(de)正壓段(duan)，光(guang)學催(cui)化凈(jing)化箱安裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)風(feng)(feng)機負壓段(duan)。動(dong)物房的(de)(de)氣(qi)體(ti)經過初效和(he)中(zhong)效過濾后(hou)，直接排入大氣(qi)，但在(zai)(zai)排風(feng)(feng)口(kou)處做高(gao)壓噴射流處理，噴射高(gao)度在(zai)(zai)3米以上(shang)。

　　3.實驗室(shi)通風系統設計方法

　　綜上(shang)所述(shu)，實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室通風(feng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)對設(she)(she)備(特別是(shi)通風(feng)柜)是(shi)有一定(ding)標(biao)準和要(yao)(yao)求的(de)。拋開設(she)(she)備因素(su)，單純從系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)上(shang)考慮(lv)，實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室通風(feng)空調系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)要(yao)(yao)考慮(lv)以下幾個主要(yao)(yao)因素(su)：(1)保證實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室的(de)安全性，保證一定(ding)數量的(de)換氣次(ci)數;(2)解決(jue)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室通風(feng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)負壓的(de)設(she)(she)計(ji)(ji)和系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)控(kong)制;(3)在滿足換氣次(ci)數和全新風(feng)條(tiao)件下，控(kong)制能耗。(4)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)穩(wen)定(ding)可靠。

　　實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)設計(ji)采(cai)用(yong)以(yi)下(xia)(xia)步驟和方(fang)案(an)：(1)實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)根據(ju)工藝要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)和功能布置(zhi)選擇一定(ding)數(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)，有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還(huan)(huan)兼(jian)有部分局部排(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)罩。通(tong)常校(xiao)核下(xia)(xia)來換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氣(qi)(qi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)遠遠大(da)于10次(ci)(ci)(ci)，一般在(zai)(zai)20-30次(ci)(ci)(ci)以(yi)上，滿足換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氣(qi)(qi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。但是此(ci)(ci)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氣(qi)(qi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)是按照通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)最大(da)開(kai)(kai)啟面積(ji)計(ji)算的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，資(zi)料和經驗(yan)表明(ming)100臺通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)99%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)只有18個或更少的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)在(zai)(zai)使(shi)用(yong)。故還(huan)(huan)應(ying)校(xiao)核通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)最小(xiao)開(kai)(kai)啟面積(ji)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氣(qi)(qi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)，若小(xiao)于換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氣(qi)(qi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，則增加(jia)綜合排(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。(2)實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)采(cai)用(yong)全(quan)新風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)不在(zai)(zai)室(shi)(shi)內循(xun)環。由于實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)房(fang)(fang)間(jian)相對其他輔助(zhu)區域為負壓(ya)(ya)。所以(yi)實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)設計(ji)為排(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)70﹪-80﹪。另外20﹪-30﹪的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)送(song)至實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)輔助(zhu)房(fang)(fang)間(jian)、辦公(gong)、管理用(yong)房(fang)(fang)、內走(zou)道等，再由門窗(chuang)(chuang)縫隙補充到房(fang)(fang)間(jian)。(3)通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)平衡(heng)可(ke)以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)定(ding)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，即排(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)恒定(ding)，送(song)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)和門窗(chuang)(chuang)縫隙補充風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)恒定(ding)。此(ci)(ci)方(fang)法(fa)適用(yong)于最大(da)排(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)滿足最小(xiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氣(qi)(qi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實驗(yan)室(shi)(shi)。(4)對于排(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)遠大(da)于最小(xiao)通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)房(fang)(fang)間(jian)還(huan)(huan)可(ke)以(yi)采(cai)用(yong)兩(liang)段式通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)控(kong)制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)保證風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)平衡(heng)，即根據(ju)通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位移信號，排(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)、送(song)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)有2種送(song)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)工況，低(di)(di)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)工況應(ying)用(yong)于維持(chi)最小(xiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氣(qi)(qi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，節約能耗。通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)時，排(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)也會(hui)相對變(bian)小(xiao)，此(ci)(ci)時要(yao)(yao)(yao)求(qiu)放置(zhi)在(zai)(zai)屋頂的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)隨著(zhu)通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)門的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)而變(bian)頻，降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，保證通(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)面風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)速恒定(ding)。同(tong)時自控(kong)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)改變(bian)全(quan)新風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頻率，降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，維持(chi)負壓(ya)(ya)平衡(heng)。變(bian)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)可(ke)以(yi)降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)能耗。系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)最大(da)、最小(xiao)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)氣(qi)(qi)次(ci)(ci)(ci)數(shu)(shu)接近(jin)則考慮采(cai)用(yong)定(ding)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)，使(shi)得系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)簡單，降(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)低(di)(di)初投(tou)資(zi)。

　　通(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)系統(tong)除上(shang)文所述對通(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)柜(ju)有特殊(shu)要(yao)(yao)求外(wai)(wai)，對其他設(she)(she)備和(he)(he)控制(zhi)系統(tong)也有一定(ding)的要(yao)(yao)求和(he)(he)標準。通(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)柜(ju)的選擇除滿足排風(feng)(feng)和(he)(he)捕(bu)捉能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)外(wai)(wai)，還要(yao)(yao)注意需(xu)要(yao)(yao)根據調節門移動而立即改(gai)變風(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)，維持表面風(feng)(feng)速的恒定(ding)。筆者(zhe)建議系統(tong)風(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)的測(ce)定(ding)和(he)(he)控制(zhi)以(yi)柜(ju)門位移為信號而不是測(ce)定(ding)表面風(feng)(feng)速來測(ce)定(ding)。實(shi)驗室(shi)壓力(li)(li)(li)控制(zhi)和(he)(he)最小通(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)量(liang)(liang)的控制(zhi)除了設(she)(she)備選型因(yin)素(su)以(yi)外(wai)(wai)，通(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)系統(tong)設(she)(she)計和(he)(he)控制(zhi)系統(tong)是關鍵因(yin)素(su)，要(yao)(yao)保證系統(tong)的反應(ying)時(shi)間要(yao)(yao)足夠(gou)短(duan)(<1秒)，通(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)系統(tong)不平(ping)衡(heng)會導(dao)致通(tong)(tong)風(feng)(feng)柜(ju)排風(feng)(feng)和(he)(he)捕(bu)捉能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)散失(shi)，氣流流出實(shi)驗室(shi)，建筑物內(nei)壓力(li)(li)(li)不穩定(ding)。

　　還有一點要注(zhu)意(yi)的是系(xi)統(tong)應該(gai)是壓(ya)力變(bian)(bian)(bian)化無關(guan)型的，即系(xi)統(tong)風(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)的變(bian)(bian)(bian)化不(bu)會(hui)因為(wei)風(feng)(feng)(feng)管內靜(jing)壓(ya)的變(bian)(bian)(bian)化而使得反(fan)應時間緩慢影響(xiang)系(xi)統(tong)流(liu)量(liang)的精確(que)性。壓(ya)力相關(guan)型的系(xi)統(tong)也(ye)會(hui)造成系(xi)統(tong)流(liu)量(liang)設(she)備無法精確(que)控制，緩慢的反(fan)應時間會(hui)讓送排(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)設(she)備產生震蕩(dang)，速度不(bu)穩定會(hui)有大量(liang)的平衡問題存(cun)在，波動的送、排(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)系(xi)統(tong)使氣(qi)流(liu)平衡復雜化，從而自控系(xi)統(tong)無法實(shi)現調節(jie)功能(neng)。

　　所以，系統首先監測的是通風(feng)(feng)柜的狀(zhuang)態，接受調節(jie)門(men)(men)感應器信號后(hou)可以計算調節(jie)門(men)(men)面(mian)積(風(feng)(feng)量)，此時向(壓力(li)無關型)閥門(men)(men)送(song)(song)出風(feng)(feng)量控制(zhi)信號，調節(jie)閥門(men)(men)的開度(du)，送(song)(song)風(feng)(feng)量跟(gen)隨排風(feng)(feng)量即刻變化，送(song)(song)排風(feng)(feng)機變頻(pin)調節(jie)送(song)(song)風(feng)(feng)量。

　　4.結論

　　本文介紹了(le)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)通風設(she)計(ji)的(de)目(mu)的(de)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)通風柜的(de)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)和功能(neng)，排放氣(qi)體的(de)處理方(fang)法和實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)通風系(xi)(xi)統設(she)計(ji)方(fang)法。實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)的(de)通風設(she)計(ji)首要(yao)解決的(de)問(wen)題是安全性(xing)問(wen)題，通風柜的(de)捕(bu)捉(zhuo)集(ji)塵能(neng)力要(yao)符合一(yi)定的(de)標準和規定，氣(qi)流(liu)方(fang)向(xiang)為流(liu)向(xiang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)要(yao)隨時(shi)保(bao)持負壓。實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)室(shi)通風設(she)計(ji)還要(yao)考慮(lv)到為實(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)人(ren)員(yuan)創造一(yi)個(ge)舒(shu)適(shi)的(de)工作(zuo)環境，解決溫度、氣(qi)流(liu)、噪音的(de)問(wen)題，同時(shi)要(yao)保(bao)證最低(di)的(de)能(neng)源消耗(hao)，系(xi)(xi)統穩定，容易控制，易于操(cao)作(zuo)管理。簡而言之就是要(yao)從安全、舒(shu)適(shi)、節能(neng)、可(ke)靠運(yun)行(xing)方(fang)面(mian)進行(xing)設(she)計(ji)。